During 1990-2003, the literature fused private incentives with institutional structure to explain public policy outcomes, emphasizing induced institutional change and property-rights dynamics as central drivers. Methodological approaches broadened from pure theory to experimental and empirical evaluations, incorporating regulatory capture and agenda-setting processes to reveal how private actors shape regulation and policy priorities. The period also showcases contrasts between fiscal visions and governance constraints, and highlights performance measurement as a tool for accountability, while cautioning against mismeasurement and gaming.